Émilie du Châtelet a été la maîtresse du marquis de Guébriant et du maréchal de Richelieu ; l’assiduité et le goût de l’étude qu’elle montre avec précocité et qui est un des axes principaux de son livre Discours sur le bonheur, ne l’empêchent pas de mener la vie plutôt volage d’une dame noble sous la Régence. Du Châtelet made a crucial scientific contribution in making Newton's historic work more accessible in a timely, accurate and insightful French translation, augmented by her own original concept of energy conservation. Émilie du Châtelet est interprétée par Hélène de Fougerolles dans le documentaire-fiction de Gary Johnstone, E = mc², une biographie de l'équation, diffusé en 2005 sur Arte. [7][note 1] Her marriage conferred the title of Marquise du Chastellet. Émilie Du Châtelet y est dépeinte comme la muse de Voltaire. Émilie du Châtelet was born on 17 December 1706 in Paris, the only girl amongst six children. He was frequently absent and considered dull, formal, and cold. However, their friendship developed from May 1733 when she re-entered society after the birth of her third child. À 43 ans, Émilie du Châtelet meurt quatre jours après l' accouchement difficile d'une fille qui ne survivra pas. Do we live in the best of all possible worlds? Era 1749 e … Gabrielle Émilie Le Tonnelier de Breteuil[1] est la fille de Louis Nicolas Le Tonnelier, baron de Breteuil (1648-1728), introducteur des Ambassadeurs de Louis XIV, et de Gabrielle-Anne de Froulay ; elle naît ainsi dans un milieu aristocratique proche du roi de France ; elle a plusieurs frères, dont Charles-Auguste (1701-1731), baron de Preuilly[2] et Élisabeth-Théodose Le Tonnelier de Breteuil (1712-1781) qui sera aussi connu comme l'abbé de Breteuil[2]. Gabrielle Emilie Le Tonnelier de Breteuil Du Châtelet, Notices dans des dictionnaires ou encyclopédies généralistes, Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, Louis Nicolas Le Tonnelier, baron de Breteuil, Élisabeth-Théodose Le Tonnelier de Breteuil, Académie des sciences de l'institut de Bologne, Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica, http://www.parisrues.com/rues13/paris-13-rue-emilie-du-chatelet.html, Liste des premières femmes par fonction ou titre, Réseau des bibliothèques de Suisse occidentale. Voltaire s'y inscrit et reprend la théorie des quatre éléments qu'avait élaborée Aristote : le feu étant alors une substance matérielle, il est caractérisé par un poids, et Voltaire décide d'expérimenter afin d'établir cela[3]. Il fait venir pour elle des précepteurs, comme il l'avait fait pour ses deux fils aînés. She rebuts the claim to finding truth by using mathematical laws, and argues against Maupertuis. London 55 (2) (2001) , 227 - 245 . In her first independent work, the preface to her translation of the Fable of the Bees, du Châtelet argues strongly for women's education, particularly a strong secondary education as was available for young men in the French collèges. Ils ont par exemple réalisé ensemble des expériences concernant la propagation du feu, ce qui sera l'objet pour chacun d'un traité[8]. Her most recognized achievement is her translation of and commentary on Isaac Newton's 1687 book Principia containing basic laws of physics. Emilie is a women who dedicated her life to science. DERNIÈREMENT. 16–17; for a quite different account, see Bodanis, pp. Émilie du Châtelet (1706-1749) On December 17, 1706, French mathematician, physicist, and author Gabrielle Émilie Le Tonnelier de Breteuil, marquise du Châtelet was born. v In either case, such encouragement would have been seen as unusual for parents of their time and status. « Deux et deux pourraient alors faire aussi bien 4 que 6 si les principes antérieurs n'existaient pas. Undeterred, she simply had some men's clothing made for herself and strolled back in. Initially, she was tutored in algebra and calculus by Moreau de Maupertuis, a member of the Academy of Sciences; although mathematics was not his forte, he had received a solid education from Johann Bernoulli, who also taught Leonhard Euler. [9] On 4 September 1749 Émilie du Châtelet gave birth to Stanislas-Adélaïde du Châtelet (daughter of Jean François de Saint-Lambert). 131–134. "[15], In May 1748, Du Châtelet began an affair with the poet Jean François de Saint-Lambert and became pregnant. Moquée par les dames de la Cour, comme la baronne de Staal-de Launay, et plus encore par Madame du Deffand qui la jalousait, Émilie — à qui étaient reprochés quelques travers « un peu ridicules », comme de se plaindre du bruit l’empêchant de « penser » et de se concentrer sur ses expériences nécessitant un matériel rare et bien peu utilisé alors — ne s’en indigna jamais, laissant dire les mauvaises langues. Voltaire la pousse à traduire Newton — qui est à cette période encore peu connu en France[4],[7] — et l'aide à prendre conscience de la liberté de penser par elle-même dont elle dispose. Clairaut participe à la supervision de la traduction et des calculs[3]. Mireille Touzery et Geneviève Artigas-Menant, Chronologie de la vie de Clairaut (1713-1765). Émilie du Châtelet traduit les textes latins de Newton, mais elle refait aussi les calculs du scientifiques ; elle ajoute à la suite de l’œuvre de Newton un Commentaire décrivant le système planétaire, définissant les termes utilisés et citant différents scientifiques, puis adjoint au tout une partie scientifique inspirée des travaux de Clairaut avant de terminer avec un résumé des travaux de Daniel Bernouilli concernant les marées ; elle consacrera cinq ans à l'ensemble de ce travail[3]. 2 See also Anne Soprani, ed., Mme Du Châtelet, Lettres d'amour au marquis de Saint-Lambert, Paris, 1997. quoted in Ruth Hagengruber, "Emilie du Châtelet Between Leibniz and Newton: The Transformation of Metaphysics", in. The collision and scattering of two point masses is one of them. Du Châtelet corresponded with the greatest mathematicians and scientists of her time, sending off book-length explanations of her ideas. By denying women a good education, she argues, society prevents women from becoming eminent in the arts and sciences.[28]. de Prusse avec la marquise du Châtelet, La marquise du Châtelet, femme de sciences invisibilisée, https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Émilie_du_Châtelet&oldid=181938896, Traducteur depuis le latin vers le français, Article avec une section vide ou incomplète, Catégorie Commons avec lien local différent sur Wikidata, Article de Wikipédia avec notice d'autorité, Page pointant vers des dictionnaires ou encyclopédies généralistes, Page pointant vers des bases relatives à la recherche, Page pointant vers des bases relatives à la santé, Page pointant vers des bases relatives au spectacle, Page pointant vers des bases relatives aux beaux-arts, Portail:Biographie/Articles liés/Sciences, Portail:Biographie/Articles liés/Culture et arts, licence Creative Commons attribution, partage dans les mêmes conditions, comment citer les auteurs et mentionner la licence, Stanislas-Adélaïde, une fille dont le père est en fait. Emilie du Chatelet was esteemed in 18th-century France as a brilliant physicist, mathematician, thinker and linguist whose pioneering ideas and formidable translations were known all … Simply put, there is no 'momentum friction' and momentum can not transfer between different forms, and particularly there is no potential momentum. Participation à des discussions scientifiques, « (...) le ménager et (à) sauvegarder les apparences », « Ils définissaient des sujets d'étude ensemble, travaillaient ensuite dans leur coin, puis comparaient leurs résultats », « c'est un Ouvrage au-dessus de la traduction. Oxford, Berne, etc. Du Châtelet claims the necessity of a universal presupposition, because if there is no such beginning, all our knowledge is relative. Mechanical energy, kinetic and potential, may be lost to another form, but the total is conserved in time. Présentée à seize ans à la cour du Régent par son père, elle est séduite par les plaisirs que cette vie offre[4], cédant à certaines extravagances, collectionnant les robes, les chaussures, adorant les bijoux. He held a weekly salon on Thursdays, to which well-respected writers and scientists were invited. , where Emilie du Chatelet - Married Women's Property Acts in 19th Century America. Du Châtelet's father Louis-Nicolas, recognizing her early brilliance, arranged for Fontenelle to visit and talk about astronomy with her when she was 10 years old. Juste avant cette liaison, il avait été le parrain de son fils, Victor Esprit, le 11 avril 1733. To judge from Voltaire's letters to friends and their commentaries on each other's work, they lived together with great mutual liking and respect. He… [19], In 1737 Châtelet published a paper entitled Dissertation sur la nature et la propagation du feu,[20] based upon her research into the science of fire, that predicted what is today known as infrared radiation and the nature of light. Her philosophical magnum opus, Institutions de Physique (Paris, 1740, first edition), or Foundations of Physics, circulated widely, generated heated debates, and was republished and translated into several other languages within two years of its original publication. Dans ses écrits, Du Châtelet critique la philosophie de John Locke. As a teenager, short of money for books, she used her mathematical skills to devise highly successful strategies for gambling.[5]. Her ability to understand the advanced mathematics was inconceivable. She emphasizes the necessity of the verification of knowledge through experience: "Locke's idea of the possibility of thinking matter is […] abstruse. Du Châtelet is often represented in portraits with mathematical iconography, such as holding a pair of dividers or a page of geometrical calculations. Elle vit quelque temps à Semur-en-Auxois, dont son époux est gouverneur[4], et y rencontre le mathématicien Marcel de Mézières. Wade of Princeton in his book Voltaire and Madame du Châtelet: An Essay on Intellectual Activity at Cirey and a book of her complete notes was published in 2011, in the original French, edited and annotated by Bertram Eugene Schwarzbach. [5][27] To raise the money to pay back her debts she devised an ingenious financing arrangement similar to modern derivatives, whereby she paid tax collectors a fairly low sum for the right to their future earnings (they were allowed to keep a portion of the taxes they collected for the King), and promised to pay the court gamblers part of these future earnings.[5]. C'est le premier ouvrage écrit par une femme que publie l'Académie et il donne à son auteure une place particulière dans la communauté scientifique du pays[7],[10],[9],[3]. Concernant la partie Commentaire Algébrique, qui vient après la traduction de l’œuvre de Newton, Voltaire indique dans la préface de l'ouvrage : « c'est un Ouvrage au-dessus de la traduction. In the early nineteenth century, a French pamphlet of celebrated women (Femmes célèbres) introduced a possibly apocryphal story of Du Châtelet's childhood. [24][25], In 1749, the year of Du Châtelet's death, she completed the work regarded as her outstanding achievement: her translation into French, with her commentary, of Newton's Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (often referred to as simply the Principia), including her derivation of the notion of conservation of energy from its principles of mechanics. Revenue à Lunéville pour l'accouchement, elle donne naissance dans la nuit du 3 au 4 septembre 1749 à une fille, Stanislas-Adélaïde ; mais Mme du Châtelet meurt six jours plus tard, d'une fièvre puerpérale[16]. : Peter Lang, 2004, p. 329-343. Plusieurs établissements d'enseignement ou liés à l'enseignement portent son nom : Plusieurs voies publiques portent le nom d'Émilie du Châtelet : des rues Émilie-du-Châtelet à Alfortville (Val-de-Marne) et à Cirey-sur-Blaise (Haute-Marne), une impasse à La Ville-aux-Dames (Indre-et-Loire), ainsi qu'une promenade Émilie-du-Châtelet à Nancy et une rue dans le 13e arrondissement de Paris[32]. In that way, Du Châtelet rejects John Locke's aversion of innate ideas and prior principles. Two other brothers died very young. Origem: Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre. L'érudite utilise et confronte les points de vue de Descartes, Isaac Newton et Leibniz afin d'enseigner les nouvelles idées en physique à son fils alors âgé de treize ans[20]. Dortous de Mairan, secretary of the Academy of Sciences, had published a set of arguments addressed to her regarding the appropriate mathematical expression for forces vives. [12], Sharing a passion for science, Voltaire and Du Châtelet collaborated scientifically. ], et que tout Paris regrette et honore. Voltaire se charge de faire publier la fameuse traduction que son amie avait faite du traité de Newton et qu’elle avait envoyée à la bibliothèque du roi, craignant une fin prochaine[4]. Elle a aussi contribué à diffuser en France l'œuvre physique de Leibniz. Because of her well-known collaboration and romantic involvement with Voltaire, which spanned much of her adult life, for generations Du Châtelet has been known as mistress and collaborator to her much better known intellectual companion. Émilie vit dans un milieu ouvert ; ses parents recevaient en effet Fontenelle et le poète Jean-Baptiste Rousseau dans leur salon parisien et elle connut ceux-ci dès l’enfance. E "[18] Her critique on Locke originates in her Bernard de Mandeville commentary on The Fable of the Bees. Emilie du Châtelet was one of many women whose contributions have helped shape the course of mathematics. En mai 1746, Émilie du Châtelet devient membre associé de l’Académie de Bologne[7]. Dès 1734, elle accueille le philosophe chez elle, dans son château de Cirey (Cirey-sur-Blaise), qui était alors en Lorraine. Raised at the lavish court of Louis XIV, she stood out like a sore thumb: while the women around her were glamorous, graceful and illiterate, she was clunky, fierce, and bookish. L'idée d'aller à Lunéville intéresse Voltaire, notamment parce qu'il a évoqué le rôle de Stanislas dans son Histoire de Charles XII. Du Châtelet presented a spirited point by point rebuttal of de Mairan's arguments, causing him to withdraw from the controversy. SUIVEZ-NOUS SUR LES RÉSEAUX SOCIAUX. Together they spearheaded Newton’s revolution in France. Robyn Arianrhod tells the tale. 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