Before Bagan there were other kingdoms in the Irrawaddy valley but there is little or no information on them. Ne Win became the president of the new government.[36]. [6], It was a long-lasting civilisation that lasted nearly a millennium to the early 9th century until a new group of "swift horsemen" from the north, the Bamars, entered the upper Irrawaddy valley. These reforms included the release of pro-democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi from house arrest and subsequent dialogues with her, establishment of the National Human Rights Commission, general amnesties of more than 200 political prisoners, institution of new labour laws that allow labour unions and strikes, relaxation of press censorship, and regulations of currency practices. [citation needed], While Pyu settlements remained in Upper Burma until the advent of the Pagan Empire in the mid 11th century, the Pyu gradually were absorbed into the expanding Burman kingdom of Pagan in the next four centuries. In 1727, southern Lan Na (Chiang Mai) successfully revolted, leaving just northern Lan Na (Chiang Saen) under an increasingly nominal Burmese rule. In addition to firing live rounds, the police and military personnel also beat, arrested, used water cannon, and threw various objects such as marbles and stones at civilians. History of Myanmar . Many of the power centres were themselves made up of (often loosely held) minor kingdoms or princely states. The Rohingya, a people of South Asian origin, dwell in an independent kingdom in Arakan, known as Rakhine State in modern-day Myanmar (the former Burma). Konbaung officials, particularly after 1780, began commercial reforms that increased government income and rendered it more predictable. See also the list of Burmese leaders. [22] Except for a few occasional rebellions and an external war—Burma defeated Siam's attempt to take Lan Na and Mottama in 1662–64—the kingdom was largely at peace for the rest of the 17th century. By around the start of the 20th century, a nationalist movement began to take shape in the form of the Young Men's Buddhist Association (YMBA), modelled on the YMCA, as religious associations were allowed by the colonial authorities. The Pyu arrived in Myanmar in the 7th century and established city kingdoms at Binnaka, Mongamo, Sri Ksetra, and Halingyi. It was reorganised as the Burma Defence Army (BDA) under the Japanese but still headed by Aung San. However, to prepare the new land for cultivation, farmers were forced to borrow money from Indian moneylenders called chettiars at high interest rates and were often foreclosed on and evicted losing land and livestock. The name of the country, Burma changed to Myanmar: 1989. The Burmese language and culture came into its own between the last period of the Pagan Kingdom (Old Burmese starts in the XII° century) and the Ava period. The 2011–2012 Burmese democratic reforms were an ongoing series of political, economic and administrative changes in Burma undertaken by the military-backed government. The country was under military rule under various guises from 1962 to 2010, and in the process has become one of the least developed nations in the world. As the war turned against the Japanese, they declared Burma a fully sovereign state on 1 August 1943, but this was just another facade. Some veterans had been formed into a paramilitary force under Aung San, called the Pyithu yèbaw tat or People's Volunteer Organisation (PVO), and were openly drilling in uniform. PopularTimelines. Prome, Yamethin and Mohnyin break away (to 1490), Burmese and Siamese commands agree to a truce, Bayinnaung captures Ava, and annexes Upper Burma, Bayinnaung captures farther Shan States (Kengtung and Chinese Shan states), Fall of First Toungoo Empire after Pegu sacked by the Arakanese and Toungoo (city) forces. Anawrahta's successors by the late 12th century had extended their influence farther south into the upper Malay Peninsula, at least to the Salween River in the east, below the current China border in the farther north, and to the west, northern Arakan and the Chin Hills. The 2008 Burmese constitutional referendum was held on 10 May and promised a "discipline-flourishing democracy" for the country in the future. Myanmar History Timeline, Rulers, Heroes, Prehistoric Caves, Pondaung man, 4 million Pagodas by myanmars.net. [46] Burma's admittance to Least Developed Country status by the UN the following December highlighted its economic bankruptcy. One of Bayinnaung's sons, Nyaungyan Min, immediately began the reunification effort, successfully restoring central authority over Upper Burma and nearer Shan states by 1606. [36] Ne Win also secretly held peace talks later in 1980 with the KIO and the CPB, again ending in a deadlock as before. By 500 BCE, iron-working settlements emerged in an area south of present-day Mandalay. Burma was crushed for years by repaying a large indemnity of one million pounds (then US$5 million). In a White House statement President Bush said: "Monks have been beaten and killed ... Thousands of pro-democracy protesters have been arrested". Myanmar. 1992. TIMELINE: China-Myanmar Relations. According to data released by Myanmar Peace Monitor in 2013, Myanmar remains home to some 50 ethnic armed forces, which include both revolutionary armed groups, government-backed militia of various ethnicities and smaller insurgent groups. [36] Thakin Than Tun and Soe, while in Insein prison in July 1941, had co-authored the Insein Manifesto which, against the prevailing opinion in the Dobama movement, identified world fascism as the main enemy in the coming war and called for temporary co-operation with the British in a broad allied coalition which should include the Soviet Union. 9th Century AD A great civilisation exists in Burma. Until the founding of the Mrauk-U Kingdom in 1429, Arakan was often caught between bigger neighbours, and found itself a battlefield during the Forty Years' War between Ava and Pegu. [20] When the Confederation of Shan States conquered Ava in 1527, many refugees fled southeast to Taungoo, the only kingdom in peace, and one surrounded by larger hostile kingdoms. – 1962: Military leader Ne Win stages a coup and rules the country through a junta for many years. The wealthy donated tax-free land to religious authorities. They went on to establish the Pagan Kingdom (1044–1297), the first-ever unification of the Irrawaddy valley and its periphery. After the war, King Mindon tried to modernise the Burmese state and economy, and made trade and territorial concessions to stave off further British encroachments, including ceding the Karenni States to the British in 1875. Myanmar. His social and religious reforms later developed into the modern-day culture of Burma. Myanmar . – 1962: Military leader Ne Win stages a coup and rules the country through a junta for many years. He had inspired a whole generation of Burmese nationalists and writers by his work mainly written in verse, fostering immense pride in their history, language and culture, and urging them to take direct action such as strikes by students and workers. [36] The situation did not remain stable for long, when the Shan Federal Movement, started by Nyaung Shwe Sawbwa Sao Shwe Thaik (the first President of independent Burma 1948–52) and aspiring to a 'loose' federation, was seen as a separatist movement insisting on the government honouring the right to secession in 10 years provided for by the 1947 Constitution. On 27 March 1945 the Burma National Army rose up in a countrywide rebellion against the Japanese. This led to multiparty elections in May 1990 in which the National League for Democracy (NLD) won a landslide victory over the National Unity Party (NUP, the successor to the BSPP) and about a dozen smaller parties.[36]. The military placed Aung San Suu Kyi under house arrest again in September 2000 until May 2002, when her travel restrictions outside of Rangoon were also lifted. [10], The Burmans who had come down with the early 9th Nanzhao raids of the Pyu states remained in Upper Burma. Ba Maw was afterwards declared head of state, and his cabinet included both Aung San as War Minister and the Communist leader Thakin Than Tun as Minister of Land and Agriculture as well as the Socialist leaders Thakins Nu and Mya. In November 2005, the military junta started moving the government away from Yangon to an unnamed location near Kyatpyay just outside Pyinmana, to a newly designated capital city. [5] The Pyu were the earliest inhabitants of Burma of whom records are extant. [59] However, clashes between Burmese troops and local insurgent groups continued. Matthew Weaver and Peter Walker. When the Japanese occupied Bangkok in December 1941, Aung San announced the formation of the Burma Independence Army (BIA) in anticipation of the Japanese invasion of Burma in 1942. Starting 18 September, the protests had been led by thousands of Buddhist monks, and those protests had been allowed to proceed until a renewed government crackdown on 26 September. The history of Myanmar (also known as Burma; Burmese: မြန်မာ့သမိုင်း) covers the period from the time of first-known human settlements 13,000 years ago to the present day. However, other sources reveal more dramatic figures. By Tim Lambert. [27] He conquered Arakan in 1785, annexed Manipur in 1814, and captured Assam in 1817–1819, leading to a long ill-defined border with British India. During World War II, Burma was a key battleground; the 800-mile Burma Road was the Allies' vital supply line to China. Bronze Age artifacts have been discovered at Nyaunggan, and the Samon Valley was settled by rice agriculturalists as early as 500 BCE. 2002, Werner Gruhl, Imperial Japan's World War Two, 1931–1945 Transaction 2007, Siam's attempt to take Lan Na and Mottama in 1662–64, Learn how and when to remove this template message, April 1947 constituent assembly elections, "The Statement on the Commemoration of Bo Aung Kyaw", "Who Killed Aung San? This is a timeline of Burmese or Myanmar history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Burma and its predecessor states. Matthew Weaver and Peter Walker. The mists of Rāmañña: The Legend that was Lower Burma (illustrated ed.). [60][61] Aung San Suu Kyi assumed the newly created role of the State Counsellor, a position similar to Prime Minister, on 6 April 2016. Bawbawgyi Pagoda at Sri Ksetra, prototype of Pagan-era pagodas. Eventually the Japanese Army turned to Ba Maw to form a government. According to the ILO, an estimated 800,000 people are subject to forced labour in Myanmar. During this period, Myanmar was part of an overland trade route from China to India. Political Map of Burma (Myanmar) in 1530 CE at Tabinshwehti's accession. It also reined in the continuous growth of monastic wealth and autonomy, giving a greater tax base. The Anyathian, Burma's Stone Age, existed at a time thought to parallel the lower and middle Paleolithic in Europe. 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