The portraits were made by an unknown artist in around 1565, at the time of their marriage. In February 1567, Darnley's residence was destroyed by an explosion, and he was found murdered in the garden. [73], Mary then turned her attention to finding a new husband from the royalty of Europe. Darnley's parents, the Earl and Countess of Lennox, were Scottish aristocrats as well as English landowners. [223] She was blindfolded by Kennedy with a white veil embroidered in gold, knelt down on the cushion in front of the block on which she positioned her head, and stretched out her arms. On the other hand, he was considered to be a disreputable young man that history describes as vain, arrogant, self-centered, egotistical and disliked by many of his peers. Widowed, Mary returned to Scotland, arriving in Leith on 19 August 1561. She also offered to join an offensive league against France. [19] Mary was crowned in the castle chapel on 9 September 1543,[20] with "such solemnity as they do use in this country, which is not very costly", according to the report of Ralph Sadler and Henry Ray. [32] Janet, Lady Fleming, who was Mary Fleming's mother and James V's half-sister, was appointed governess. Darnley shared a more recent Stewart lineage with the Hamilton family as a descendant of Mary Stewart, Countess of Arran, a daughter of James II of Scotland. Mary was grief-stricken. [226], When the news of the execution reached Elizabeth, she became indignant and asserted that Davison had disobeyed her instructions not to part with the warrant and that the Privy Council had acted without her authority. Vivacious, beautiful, and clever (according to contemporary accounts), Mary had a promising childhood. Darnley was found dead in the garden, apparently smothered. After an unsuccessful attempt to regain the throne, she fled southward seeking the protection of her first cousin once removed Queen Elizabeth I of England. She later charged him with treason, but he was acquitted and released. Many of her other descendants, including Elizabeth of Bohemia, Prince Rupert of the Rhine and the children of Anne, Queen of Great Britain, were interred in her vault. [47] Henry II of France proclaimed his eldest son and daughter-in-law king and queen of England. Her last words were, In manus tuas, Domine, commendo spiritum meum ("Into thy hands, O Lord, I commend my spirit"). ... Not only did she discover that Darnley was power-hungry, vicious and totally unreliable, but the preferment the marriage gave him and his branch of the Stewarts infuriated many of the Scottish nobles, especially Mary’s right-hand man, Lord James Stewart, who led a rebellion against her. [96] Mary broadened her privy council, bringing in both Catholics (Bishop of Ross John Lesley and Provost of Edinburgh Simon Preston of Craigmillar) and Protestants (the new Lord Huntly, Bishop of Galloway Alexander Gordon, John Maxwell of Terregles and Sir James Balfour). Historian Jenny Wormald believes this reluctance on the part of the Scots to produce the letters and their destruction in 1584, whatever their content, constitute proof that they contained real evidence against Mary. [160], Mary's biographers, such as Antonia Fraser, Alison Weir, and John Guy, have come to the conclusion that either the documents were complete forgeries,[161] or incriminating passages were inserted into genuine letters,[162] or the letters were written to Bothwell by a different person or written by Mary to a different person. "[8] His House of Stuart had gained the throne of Scotland in the 14th century via the marriage of Marjorie Bruce, daughter of Robert the Bruce, to Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland. [40] At some point in her infancy or childhood, she caught smallpox, but it did not mark her features. In July, Elizabeth sent Sir Henry Sidney to cancel Mary's visit because of the civil war in France. When her uncle, the Cardinal of Lorraine, began negotiations with Archduke Charles of Austria without her consent, she angrily objected and the negotiations foundered. [24] In May 1544, the English Earl of Hertford (later Duke of Somerset) raided Edinburgh, and the Scots took Mary to Dunkeld for safety. [242], Historian Jenny Wormald concluded that Mary was a tragic failure, who was unable to cope with the demands placed on her,[243] but hers was a rare dissenting view in a post-Fraser tradition that Mary was a pawn in the hands of scheming noblemen. He remained ill for some weeks. [156] The chair of the commission of inquiry, the Duke of Norfolk, described them as horrible letters and diverse fond ballads. [142] She landed at Workington in Cumberland in the north of England and stayed overnight at Workington Hall. Mary, Queen of Scots visited from Holyroodhouse. [187] Her health declined, perhaps through porphyria or lack of exercise. She announced that she was ready to stay in England, to renounce the Pope's bull of excommunication, and to retire, abandoning her pretensions to the English Crown. [64] She summoned him to her presence to remonstrate with him but was unsuccessful. [108] The cause of her illness is unknown. [59] Mary returned to Scotland nine months later, arriving in Leith on 19 August 1561. Elizabeth forbade her attendance anyway. Even the one significant later addition to the council, Lord Ruthven in December 1563, was another Protestant whom Mary personally disliked. [212], Elizabeth asked Paulet, Mary's final custodian, if he would contrive a clandestine way to "shorten the life" of Mary, which he refused to do on the grounds that he would not make "a shipwreck of my conscience, or leave so great a blot on my poor posterity". [141] Defeated, she fled south. Mary, Queen of Scots (8 December 1542 – 8 February 1587), also known as Mary Stuart[3] or Mary I of Scotland, reigned over Scotland from 14 December 1542 until her forced abdication on 24 July 1567. [178] Elizabeth considered Mary's designs on the English throne to be a serious threat and so confined her to Shrewsbury's properties, including Tutbury, Sheffield Castle, Sheffield Manor Lodge, Wingfield Manor, and Chatsworth House,[179] all located in the interior of England, halfway between Scotland and London and distant from the sea. The second blow severed the neck, except for a small bit of sinew, which the executioner cut through using the axe. Mary, Queen of Scots, and her second husband Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley After the debacle with Mary Tudor, Cecil was determined to prevent another Catholic succeeding to the English throne. After making himself thoroughly unpopular with just about everyone who mattered in Scotland, Darnley was murdered, probably with the knowledge of his wife, and probably by the man who would then … [134] The following night, she was imprisoned in Loch Leven Castle on an island in the middle of Loch Leven. [170], The majority of the commissioners accepted the casket letters as genuine after a study of their contents and comparison of the penmanship with examples of Mary's handwriting. Moray’s motives were slightly different. [116], In late January 1567, Mary prompted her husband to return to Edinburgh. [7], A popular tale, first recorded by John Knox, states that James, upon hearing on his deathbed that his wife had given birth to a daughter, ruefully exclaimed, "It cam wi' a lass and it will gang wi' a lass! Lord Darnley promises not to marry Queen Marry of Scotland, and in return, Queen Elizabeth will pay off Keira's dowry to her family so she and Lord Darnley can marry. [67] Her privy council of 16 men, appointed on 6 September 1561, retained those who already held the offices of state. [93] Mary set out from Edinburgh on 26 August 1565 to confront them. [80] Maitland claimed that Chastelard's ardour was feigned and that he was part of a Huguenot plot to discredit Mary by tarnishing her reputation.[81]. [188], In May 1569, Elizabeth attempted to mediate the restoration of Mary in return for guarantees of the Protestant religion, but a convention held at Perth rejected the deal overwhelmingly. Mary was queen consort of France from his accession in 1559 until his death in December 1560. Darnley's parents, the Earl and Countess of Lennox, were Scottish aristocrats as well as English landowners. The principal sources of this evidence are the Casket letters, which are now seen … [135] Between 20 and 23 July, Mary miscarried twins. [62] Scotland was torn between Catholic and Protestant factions. Something that was missing in the rough and sometimes rowdy Scottish nobility. [127], Between 21 and 23 April 1567, Mary visited her son at Stirling for the last time. When Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley arrived in Edinburgh from England in 1565, Rizzio curried favor with him and urged Mary to marry him. The 1971 film Mary, Queen of Scots starred Vanessa Redgrave as Mary and Glenda Jackson as Elizabeth, with Timothy Dalton as Darnley. [29] The English left a trail of devastation behind them once more and seized the strategic town of Haddington. Mary's numbers were boosted by the release and restoration to favour of Lord Huntly's son and the return of James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell, from exile in France. [56], King Francis II died on 5 December 1560 of a middle ear infection that led to an abscess in his brain. His Catholic birthright did not enamour him to the powerful Scottish lords and against their advice and strong protestations, Mary married Henry on July 29th, 1565 in the Chapel at Holyrood Palace, Edinburgh. Henry was considered to be handsome by the standards of that time. [244] There is no concrete proof of her complicity in Darnley's murder or of a conspiracy with Bothwell. Elizabeth had succeeded in maintaining a Protestant government in Scotland, without either condemning or releasing her fellow sovereign. [105] In October 1566, while staying at Jedburgh in the Scottish Borders, Mary made a journey on horseback of at least four hours each way to visit the Earl of Bothwell at Hermitage Castle, where he lay ill from wounds sustained in a skirmish with border reivers. The originals, written in French, were possibly destroyed in 1584 by Mary's son. [77] The proposal came to nothing, not least because the intended bridegroom was unwilling. [209] She protested that she had been denied the opportunity to review the evidence, that her papers had been removed from her, that she was denied access to legal counsel and that as a foreign anointed queen she had never been an English subject and thus could not be convicted of treason. In June, the much awaited French help arrived at Leith to besiege and ultimately take Haddington. All were said to have been found in a silver-gilt casket just less than one foot (30 cm) long and decorated with the monogram of King Francis II. [83] Mary fell in love with the "long lad", as Queen Elizabeth called him since he was over six feet tall. Mary, Queen of Scots, was barely one week old when she succeeded to the throne in 1542. [28] In February 1548, Mary was moved, again for her safety, to Dumbarton Castle. [94] In what became known as the Chaseabout Raid, Mary with her forces and Moray with the rebellious lords roamed around Scotland without ever engaging in direct combat. [190] Early the following year, Moray was assassinated. Early in the morning of 10 February, the house was destroyed by a gunpowder explosion while Queen Mary was at Holyrood attending the wedding celebration of Bastian Pagez.The partially clothed … [115] At the start of the journey, he was afflicted by a fever—possibly smallpox, syphilis or the result of poison. [225] Cecil's nephew, who was present at the execution, reported to his uncle that after her death "Her lips stirred up and down a quarter of an hour after her head was cut off" and that a small dog owned by the queen emerged from hiding among her skirts[226]—though eye-witness Emanuel Tomascon does not include those details in his "exhaustive report". Such accusations rest on assumptions,[245] and Buchanan's biography is today discredited as "almost complete fantasy". Mary had briefly met her English-born half-cousin Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, in February 1561 when she was in mourning for Francis. [174], On 26 January 1569, Mary was moved to Tutbury Castle[177] and placed in the custody of the Earl of Shrewsbury and his formidable wife Bess of Hardwick. Afterwards, he held her head aloft and declared "God save the Queen." Both Mary and Darnley were grandchildren of Margaret Tudor, sister of Henry VIII of England, and patrilineal descendants of the High Stewards of Scotl… Mary, the only surviving legitimate child of King James V of Scotland, was six days old when her father died and she acceded to the throne. [139], On 2 May 1568, Mary escaped from Loch Leven Castle with the aid of George Douglas, brother of Sir William Douglas, the castle's owner. The bridegroom was proclaimed Henry, King of Scots. Mary Queen of Scots and the right Honourable prick Henry Stuart (Lord Darnley) When Mary Queen of Scots was 18 years old, she became a widow for the first time. The life of Mary Queen of Scots - Married 3 times, imprisoned and … To what extent … [235] In 1867, her tomb was opened in an attempt to ascertain the resting place of James I. Mary had a Catholic Italian secretary, David Rizzio (more likely Riccio) and Darnley became convinced that Mary was having an affair with him. [192], In 1571, Cecil and Walsingham uncovered the Ridolfi Plot, a plan to replace Elizabeth with Mary with the help of Spanish troops and the Duke of Norfolk. The murder 25 years later of Henry Lord Darnley, her consort and the father of the infant who would become King James I of England and James VI of Scotland, remains one of history's most notorious unsolved crimes. They sent him to France ostensibly to extend their condolences, while hoping for a potential match between their son and Mary. [117] Mary visited him daily, so that it appeared a reconciliation was in progress. She was said to have been born prematurely and was the only legitimate child of James to survive him. Widowed, Mary returned to Scotland, arriving in Leith on 19 August 1561. [22] The Treaty of Greenwich was rejected by the Parliament of Scotland in December. [39], Portraits of Mary show that she had a small, oval-shaped head, a long, graceful neck, bright auburn hair, hazel-brown eyes, under heavy lowered eyelids and finely arched brows, smooth pale skin, a high forehead, and regular, firm features. The crown had come to his family through a woman, and would be lost from his family through a woman. [84] They married at Holyrood Palace on 29 July 1565, even though both were Catholic and a papal dispensation for the marriage of first cousins had not been obtained. This legendary statement came true much later—not through Mary, but through her great-great-granddaughter Anne, Queen of Great Britain. However, Keira is promised to Lord White by her family. [16] Cardinal Beaton rose to power again and began to push a pro-Catholic pro-French agenda, angering Henry, who wanted to break the Scottish alliance with France. [216], At Fotheringhay, on the evening of 7 February 1587, Mary was told she was to be executed the next morning. His death coincided with a rebellion in the North of England, led by Catholic earls, which persuaded Elizabeth that Mary was a threat. [146] In mid-July 1568, English authorities moved Mary to Bolton Castle, because it was further from the Scottish border but not too close to London. He recuperated from his illness in a house belonging to the brother of Sir James Balfour at the former abbey of Kirk o' Field, just within the city wall. Many contemporary narratives describing his life and death refer to him as Lord Darnley, his title as heir apparent to the Earldo… Mary's life, marriages, lineage, alleged involvement in plots against Elizabeth, and subsequent execution established her as a divisive and highly romanticised historical character, depicted in culture for centuries. A Huguenot uprising in France, the Tumult of Amboise, made it impossible for the French to send further support. [130], Originally, Mary believed that many nobles supported her marriage, but relations quickly soured between the newly elevated Bothwell (created Duke of Orkney) and his former peers and the marriage proved to be deeply unpopular. Robert Stedall assesses the evidence. [144], Mary apparently expected Elizabeth to help her regain her throne. [147] Mary's clothes, sent from Lochleven Castle, arrived on 20 July. [143] On 18 May, local officials took her into protective custody at Carlisle Castle. [99] By March 1566, Darnley had entered into a secret conspiracy with Protestant lords, including the nobles who had rebelled against Mary in the Chaseabout Raid. [65], To the surprise and dismay of the Catholic party, Mary tolerated the newly established Protestant ascendancy,[66] and kept her half-brother Moray as her chief advisor. By the 1580s, she had severe rheumatism in her limbs, rendering her lame. Mary was now the French queen, though not for long. She was concerned that the killing of a queen set a discreditable precedent and was fearful of the consequences, especially if, in retaliation, Mary's son, James, formed an alliance with the Catholic powers and invaded England. [159] Other documents scrutinised included Bothwell's divorce from Jean Gordon. Lord Darnley’s bizarre death was interpreted as evidence of a plot to kill him, and suspicion soon turned toward Mary herself. [132], Twenty-six Scottish peers, known as the confederate lords, turned against Mary and Bothwell and raised their own army. James went along with the idea for a while, but eventually rejected it and signed an alliance treaty with Elizabeth, abandoning his mother. [208] She told her triers, "Look to your consciences and remember that the theatre of the whole world is wider than the kingdom of England". He was jealous of her friendship with her Catholic private secretary, David Rizzio, who was rumoured to be the father of her child. [104], Mary's son by Darnley, James, was born on 19 June 1566 in Edinburgh Castle. [173] In Fraser's opinion, it was one of the strangest "trials" in legal history, ending with no finding of guilt against either party, one of whom was allowed to return home to Scotland while the other remained in custody. [196], In 1584, Mary proposed an "association" with her son, James. [185] She was occasionally allowed outside under strict supervision,[186] spent seven summers at the spa town of Buxton, and spent much of her time doing embroidery. Her husband, who was the King of France, had only gone and died so Mary found herself back in Scotland as Queen where she belonged, (or not as the case may be – she had been away far too long for the public to give a shit … [106] The ride was later used as evidence by Mary's enemies that the two were lovers, though no suspicions were voiced at the time and Mary had been accompanied by her councillors and guards. Mary had briefly met her English-born half-cousin Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, in February 1561 when she was in mourning for Francis. He ignored the edict. [23] The rejection of the marriage treaty and the renewal of the alliance between France and Scotland prompted Henry's "Rough Wooing", a military campaign designed to impose the marriage of Mary to his son. Under the terms of the Treaty of Edinburgh, signed by Mary's representatives on 6 July 1560, France and England undertook to withdraw troops from Scotland. [75] Elizabeth attempted to neutralise Mary by suggesting that she marry English Protestant Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester. On 24 July 1567, she was forced to abdicate in favour of her one-year-old son. [112] Divorce was discussed, but a bond was probably sworn between the lords present to remove Darnley by other means:[113] "It was thought expedient and most profitable for the common wealth ... that such a young fool and proud tyrant should not reign or bear rule over them; ... that he should be put off by one way or another; and whosoever should take the deed in hand or do it, they should defend. He was ultimately found with Henry VII. [172] For overriding political reasons, Elizabeth wished neither to convict nor to acquit Mary of murder. [234] Her body was exhumed in 1612 when her son, King James VI and I, ordered that she be reinterred in Westminster Abbey in a chapel opposite the tomb of Elizabeth. [246] Mary's courage at her execution helped establish her popular image as the heroic victim in a dramatic tragedy. Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley lived from 7 December 1545 to 10 February 1567. Norfolk was executed and the English Parliament introduced a bill barring Mary from the throne, to which Elizabeth refused to give royal assent. [148] A commission of inquiry, or conference, as it was known, was held in York and later Westminster between October 1568 and January 1569. [182] Her chambers were decorated with fine tapestries and carpets, as well as her cloth of state on which she had the French phrase, En ma fin est mon commencement ("In my end lies my beginning"), embroidered. Contemporary evidence from several sources suggests that she had taken part in a long-running affair and became involved with him in a crime of passion. [211] Nevertheless, Elizabeth hesitated to order her execution, even in the face of pressure from the English Parliament to carry out the sentence. [133] Bothwell was given safe passage from the field. Men say that, instead of seizing the murderers, you are looking through your fingers while they escape; that you will not seek revenge on those who have done you so much pleasure, as though the deed would never have taken place had not the doers of it been assured of impunity. The original letter is in French, this translation is from. Mary was born on 8 December 1542 at Linlithgow Palace, Scotland, to King James V and his French second wife, Mary of Guise. Posted on November 2, 2013 by Administrator. [203] From these letters it was clear that Mary had sanctioned the attempted assassination of Elizabeth. Mary quickly fell in love with Darnley and they married on July 29, 1565 at the Palace of Holyroodhouse. In the absence of Lennox and with no evidence presented, Bothwell was acquitted after a seven-hour trial on 12 April. [150], As an anointed queen, Mary refused to acknowledge the power of any court to try her. [198], In February 1585, William Parry was convicted of plotting to assassinate Elizabeth, without Mary's knowledge, although her agent Thomas Morgan was implicated. James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell, was generally believed to have orchestrated Darnley's death, but he was acquitted of the charge in April 1567, and the following month he married Mary. [165], The casket letters did not appear publicly until the Conference of 1568, although the Scottish privy council had seen them by December 1567. [92], Mary's marriage to a leading Catholic precipitated Mary's half-brother, the Earl of Moray, to join with other Protestant lords, including Lords Argyll and Glencairn, in open rebellion. When Moray rushed into the room after hearing her cries for help, she shouted, "Thrust your dagger into the villain!" Mary was misled into thinking her letters were secure, while in reality they were deciphered and read by Walsingham. [128] On 6 May, Mary and Bothwell returned to Edinburgh. 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