[14], Upon graduation in 1840, Sherman entered the army as a second lieutenant in the 3rd U.S. [61] However, he submitted fully to Grant's leadership and the campaign cemented Sherman's close personal ties to Grant. At Shiloh, he may have wished to avoid appearing overly alarmed in order to escape the kind of criticism he had received in Kentucky. Sherman considered that his new assignment broke a promise from Lincoln that he would not be given such a prominent position. General Joseph E. Johnston, the Confederate officer who had commanded the resistance to Sherman's troops in Georgia and the Carolinas, served as a pallbearer in New York City. His son, Thomas Ewing Sherman, a Jesuit priest, presided over his father's funeral mass. Gender: Male Race or Ethnicity: White Sexual orientation: Straight Occupation: Military. He served as a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War (18611865), receiving recognition for his command of military strategy as well as criticism for the harshness of the scorched earth policies he implemented in conducting total war against the Confederate States. Thus, this virtually invisible edition of Sherman's memoirs is actually the most comprehensive version. To Sherman's great displeasure and sorrow, his oldest surviving son, Thomas Ewing Sherman, joined the religious order of the Jesuits in 1878 and was ordained as a priest in 1889. He left his widow, Mary Hoyt Sherman, with eleven children and no inheritance. Sherman was named Tecumseh after the Shawnee chieftain; as a boy Sherman was raised by family friends, who had him baptized as William Sherman was a prolific writer and published a two-volume memoir in 1875 Unwilling to be drafted to run for president, Sherman is known for saying, If nominated, I He interrupted his military career in 1853 to pursue private business ventures, and at the outbreak of the Civil War he was superintendent of the Louisiana State Seminary of Learning & Military Academy (now Louisiana State University). The fate of these refugees became a pressing military and political issue. Profession. 15. In June 1865, two months after Robert E. Lee's surrender at Appomattox, General Sherman received his first postwar command, originally called the Military Division of the Mississippi, later the Military Division of the Missouri, which came to comprise the territory between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains. The politician William Tecumseh died at the age of 71. (Eventually, one of Minnie's daughters married a grandson of Confederate general Lewis Addison Armistead. In December 1862, forces under his command suffered a severe repulse at the Battle of Chickasaw Bayou, just north of Vicksburg, Mississippi. See, e.g., the many Civil War letters reproduced in Brooks D. Simpson and Jean V. Berlin, See, for instance, Hirshson, pp. Civil War general, William Tecumseh Sherman, is best known in popular culture for his march through Georgia in late 1864, living off the land while wreaking havoc and driving home the hopelessness of the Confederacys cause. [58], Sherman's military record in 186263 was mixed. Born into a big family, he had ten other siblings. Brockett, p. 175 (p. 162 in 1865 edition). Sherman went to Lancaster, Ohio, to recuperate. [18], Like her mother, Ellen Ewing Sherman was a devout Roman Catholic, and the Shermans' eight children were reared in that faith. [120] The admiration of scholars such as Victor Davis Hanson, B. H. Liddell Hart, Lloyd Lewis, and John F. Marszalek for General Sherman owes much to what they see as an approach to the exigencies of modern armed conflict that was both effective and principled. Smith, p. 227. Grant then ordered George Henry Thomas to attack at the center of the Confederate line. His conduct and deportment toward us characterized him as a friend and a gentleman.[100]. William Tecumseh Sherman was an eminent American soldier, author, businessman and educator. [109] Consuming supplies, wrecking infrastructure, and undermining morale were Sherman's stated goals, and several of his Southern contemporaries noted this and commented on it. You people speak so lightly of war; you don't know what you're talking about. Although he was impatient, often irritable and depressed, petulant, headstrong, and unreasonably gruff, he had solid soldierly qualities. His men swore by him, and most of his fellow officers admired him. William T. Sherman was teaching at a military academy in Louisiana at the time. His friend Ulysses S. Grant on the other hand used Black troops in combat in the Eastern theater and would later champion the cause of black soldiers. [99] To address this issue, on January 12, 1865, Sherman met in Savannah with Secretary of War Stanton and with twenty local black leaders. [156] Grant, who was serving as US President when Sherman's memoirs first appeared, later remarked that others had told him that Sherman treated Grant unfairly but "when I finished the book, I found I approved every word; that it was a true book, an honorable book, creditable to Sherman, just to his companionsto myself particularly sojust such a book as I expected Sherman would write. However, he never engaged in any program to actually eradicate the buffalo. [143] In 1888, Sherman wrote publicly that "my immediate family are strongly Catholic. Although looting was officially forbidden, historians disagree on how well this regulation was enforced. We live through his campaigns in the company of Sherman himself. William Sherman: Historical Figure: Nationality: United States: Date of Birth: 1820 Date of Death: 1891 Cause of Death: Pneumonia Religion: Converted to Catholicism: Occupation: Soldier, Lawyer, Banker, Educator, Author of Non-Fiction Spouse: Eleanor Boyle Ewing Children: Eight Military Branch: Union Army (American Civil War) Fictional Appearances: Historical Register and Dictionary of the United States Army. In all else you are totally unprepared, with a bad cause to start with. One of Sherman's main concerns in postbellum service was to protect the construction and operation of the railroads from attack by hostile Indians. [22] Sherman suffered from stress-related asthma because of the city's aggressive business culture. Sherman was not an abolitionist before the war and, like others of his time and background, he did not believe in "Negro equality". [158], Subsequently, Sherman shifted to the publishing house of Charles L. Webster & Co., the publisher of Grant's memoirs. Francis B. Heitman. War is cruelty, and you cannot refine it; and those who brought war into our country deserve all the curses and maledictions a people can pour out. However, Sherman had proceeded without authority from General Grant, the newly installed President Andrew Johnson, or the Cabinet. [63] The final fall of the besieged city of Vicksburg was a major strategic victory for the Union, since it put navigation along the Mississippi River entirely under the Union army's control and effectively cut off Texas and Arkansas from the rest of the Confederacy. Sherman and Ord reached the town of Yerba Buena, in California, two days before its name was changed to San Francisco. After the death of John A. Rawlins, Sherman also served for one month as interim Secretary of War. Sherman to George B. McClellan, November 4, 1861, in Stephen W. Sears, ed.. Sherman to John Sherman, January 4, 8, 1862, in Simpson and Berlin, At one point, Halleck suggested to General-in-Chief McClellan that Sherman be given command of an expedition on the Cumberland River (on which Fort Donelson was located), but Secretary of War. Unfortunately, this edition omits Sherman's prefaces to the 1875 and 1886 editions. In July 1861, Sherman fought in the disastrous [131] During this time, Sherman reorganized the US Army forts to reflect the shifting frontier.[132]. Then will I share with you the last cracker, and watch with you to shield your homes and families against danger from every quarter.[117]. "[114] Historian James M. McPherson has concluded that: The fullest and most dispassionate study of this controversy blames all parties in varying proportionsincluding the Confederate authorities for the disorder that characterized the evacuation of Columbia, leaving thousands of cotton bales on the streets (some of them burning) and huge quantities of liquor undestroyed Sherman did not deliberately burn Columbia; a majority of Union soldiers, including the general himself, worked through the night to put out the fires. Thus, he was living in the border state of Missouri as the secession crisis came to a climax. At the time of Sherman's death, his son Thomas, a Jesuit, reportedly said: "My father was baptized in the Catholic Church, married in the Catholic Church, and attended the Catholic Church until the outbreak of the civil war. [64], After the surrender of Vicksburg and the re-capture of Jackson, Sherman was given the rank of brigadier general in the regular army, in addition to his rank as a major general of volunteers. Shortly after the Union forces occupied Corinth on May 30, Sherman persuaded Grant not to leave his command, despite the serious difficulties he was having with Halleck. The William T [46] He became exceedingly pessimistic about the outlook for his command and he complained frequently to Washington, D.C. about shortages, while providing exaggerated estimates of the strength of the rebel forces and requesting inordinate numbers of reinforcements. One historian has written that Sherman's "genius" for "strategy and logistics made him one of the foremost architects of Union victory". He called this strategy "hard war". Sherman to Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, October 9, 1864, reproduced in, W.T. He recovered by forging a close partnership with General Ulysses S. Grant. 1903) in Sherman Square near the Treasury Dept. Johnston replied: "If I were in [Sherman's] place, and he were standing in mine, he would not put on his hat." For instance, Alabama-born Major Henry Hitchcock, who served in Sherman's staff, declared that "it is a terrible thing to consume and destroy the sustenance of thousands of people," but if the scorched earth strategy served "to paralyze their husbands and fathers who are fighting it is mercy in the end".[110]. When the bank failed during the financial Panic of 1857, he closed the New York branch. Sherman's greatest contribution to the war, the strategy of total warfareendorsed by General Grant and President Lincolnhas been the subject of controversy. According to Sherman, the trek across the Lumber River, and through the swamps, pocosins, and creeks of Robeson County was "the damnedest marching I ever saw". Some of us called upon him immediately upon his arrival, and it is probable he did not meet [Secretary Stanton] with more courtesy than he met us. Like Grant, Sherman was convinced that the Confederacy's strategic, economic, and psychological ability to wage further war needed to be definitively crushed if the fighting were to end. This was a new regiment yet to be raised, and Sherman's first command was actually of a brigade of three-month volunteers,[41] at the head of which he became one of the few Union officers to distinguish himself at the First Battle of Bull Run on July 21, 1861, where he was grazed by bullets in the knee and shoulder. Born in Green Township. Sherman was raised in a Roman Catholic household, although he later left the church, citing the effect of the Civil War on his religious views. Moody criticizes English historians Field Marshal Lord Wolseley, Maj. Gen. J. F. C. Fuller, and especially Capt. Roughly seven months after the fall of Vicksburg, Major General William Tecumseh Sherman took his army across central Mississippi, intent on undermining that regions ability to wage war. William Tecumseh Sherman was an American soldier, businessman, educator and author. He soon rendezvoused at Goldsborough, North Carolina, with Union troops awaiting him there after the capture of Fort Fisher and Wilmington. He then formally surrendered his army and all the Confederate forces in the Carolinas, Georgia, and Florida in the largest single capitulation of the war. They named their child William Tecumseh Sherman. . William was sent to the family of Thomas Ewing, a next-door neighbor who was a U.S. senator and a cabinet member. [8] The story is contested, however. The severity of the destructive acts by Union troops was significantly greater in South Carolina than in Georgia or North Carolina. In early 1858, he returned to California to wrap up the bank's affairs there. He is best known for implementing his scorched earth policies which burned down Atlanta towards the end of the war. 15152. Sherman died of pneumonia in New York City at 1:50 PM on February 14, 1891, six days after his 71st birthday. He dealt in a friendly and unaffected way with the black people that he met during his career, and in his last years he wrote an essay defending the full civil rights of black citizens in the former Confederacy. [10] His friends and family always called him "Cump".[11]. [78] Sherman called this harsh tactic of material war "hard war," often seen as a species of total war. Sherman accepted the surrender of all the Confederate armies in the Carolinas, Georgia, and Florida in April 1865, but the terms that he negotiated were considered too lenient by US Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, who ordered General Grant to modify them. Along with fellow lieutenants Henry Halleck and Edward Ord, Sherman embarked from New York on the 198-day journey around Cape Horn, aboard the converted sloop USS Lexington. I will accept no commission that would tend to create a rivalry with Grant. Marszalek, John F., William Tecumseh Sherman, Schenker, Carl R., Jr., "Ulysses in His Tent: Halleck, Grant, Sherman, and, Jenkins (19961999) (interim, 2004) (acting, 2008 and 2012), This page was last edited on 15 May 2021, at 01:06. During the American Civil War he served as a General in the Union Army. The fall of Atlanta had a major political impact in the North: it caused the collapse of the once powerful "Copperhead" faction within the Democratic Party, which had advocated immediate peace negotiations with the Confederacy. This message was put on a vessel on December 22, passed on by telegram from Fort Monroe, Virginia, and apparently received by Lincoln on Christmas Day itself. Some of these letters are rather personal in nature, rather than relating directly to operational activities of the army. [84], Grant then ordered Sherman to embark his army on steamers and join the Union forces confronting Lee in Virginia, but Sherman instead persuaded Grant to allow him to march north through the Carolinas, destroying everything of military value along the way, as he had done in Georgia. Cause of Death. The orders provided for the settlement of 40,000 freed slaves and black refugees on land expropriated from white landowners in South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. Dickey J.D. Thomas O. Moore, January 18, 1861. Military historians have paid special attention to his Atlanta campaign and the March to the Sea, generally giving him high marks as an innovative strategist and quick-witted tactician.[154]. Grant, the previous commander of the District of Cairo, had recently won a major victory at Fort Henry (February 6, 1862) and been given command of the ill-defined District of West Tennessee. After the fall of Atlanta in 1864, Sherman ordered the city's evacuation. [108], The damage done by Sherman was almost entirely limited to the destruction of property. At the end of the Civil War, Union general William Tecumseh Sherman was surprisingly more popular in the newly defeated South than he was in the North. 190204; McPherson, pp. [111] One of the most serious accusations against Sherman was that he allowed his troops to burn the city of Columbia. I know I had no hand in making this war, and I know I will make more sacrifices to-day than any of you to secure peace. [53], Beginning in late April, a Union force of 100,000 moved slowly against Corinth, under Halleck's command with Grant relegated to second-in-command; Sherman commanded the division on the extreme right of the Union's right wing (under George Henry Thomas). "[157], In 1886, after the publication of Grant's memoirs, Sherman produced a "second edition, revised and corrected" of his memoirs with Appleton. While trying to hold himself aloof from controversy, he observed first-hand the efforts of Congressman Frank Blair, who later served under Sherman, to keep Missouri in the Union. Four days later, Sherman issued his Special Field Orders, No. Sherman then led the capture of the strategic city of Atlanta, a military success that contributed to the re-election of President Abraham Lincoln. Sherman commanded a brigade of volunteers at the First Battle of Bull Run in 1861 before being transferred to the Western Theater. This frontal assault was intended as a diversion, but it unexpectedly succeeded in capturing the enemy's entrenchments and routing the Confederate Army of Tennessee, bringing the Union's Chattanooga campaign to a successful completion. Sherman to Gov. When Tecumseh Sherman was nine years old, his father died while riding the judicial circuit. Some of the artistic treatments of Sherman's march are the Civil War era song "Marching Through Georgia" by Henry Clay Work; Herman Melville's poem "The March to the Sea"; Ross McElwee's film Sherman's March; and E. L. Doctorow's novel The March. Copyright 2021 /The Celebrity Deaths.com/All Rights Reserved. I want him to hold what he has earned and got. [In his Memoirs] the vigorous account of his pre-war activities and his conduct of his military operations is varied in just the right proportion and to just the right degree of vivacity with anecdotes and personal experiences. [23] Late in life, regarding his time in a San Francisco experiencing a frenzy of real estate speculation, Sherman recalled: "I can handle a hundred thousand men in battle, and take the City of the Sun, but am afraid to manage a lot in the swamp of San Francisco. Despite his harsh treatment of the warring tribes, Sherman spoke out against the unfair way speculators and government agents treated the natives within the reservations. They are a peaceable people but an earnest people, and they will fight, too. Sherman's military campaigns of 1864 and 1865 freed many slaves, who greeted him "as a second Moses or Aaron"[95] and joined his marches through Georgia and the Carolinas by the tens of thousands. But you cannot have peace and a division of our country. Among Southern historians the legacy of General William Tecumseh Sherman is one of death and destruction on a scale matched only by the most formidable tyrants in human history. [21], In 1853, Sherman resigned his captaincy and became manager of the San Francisco branch of the St. Louis-based bank Lucas, Turner & Co. George H. Thomas and John M. Schofield to deal with Hood; their forces eventually smashed Hood's army in the battles of Franklin (November 30) and Nashville (December 1516). Immediately following his departure from Louisiana, Sherman traveled to Washington, D.C., possibly in the hope of securing a position in the army, and met with Abraham Lincoln in the White House during inauguration week. Missing from this edition is the useful biographical material contained in the 1891 Johnson and Blaine editions. Trivializing that threat, Sherman reportedly said that he would "give [Hood] his rations" to go in that direction as "my business is down south". "[136] In 1945, President Harry S. Truman would say: "Sherman was wrong. "[69], Sherman proceeded to invade the state of Georgia with three armies: the 60,000-strong Army of the Cumberland under George Henry Thomas, the 25,000-strong Army of the Tennessee under James B. McPherson, and the 13,000-strong Army of the Ohio under John M. After his father's death, the nine-year-old Sherman was raised by a Lancaster neighbor and family friend, attorney Thomas Ewing, Sr., a prominent member of the Whig Party who served as senator from Ohio and as the first Secretary of the Interior. "[39] He received a telegram summoning him to Washington on June 7. [51] Operating from Paducah, Kentucky, he provided logistical support for the operations of Brig. Though exact figures are not available, the loss of civilian life appears to have been very small. When Grant became president of the United States in March 1869, Sherman succeeded him as Commanding General of the Army. After ordering almost all civilians to leave the city in September, Sherman gave instructions that all military and government buildings in Atlanta be burned, although many private homes and shops were burned as well. [103] He went on to summarize vividly his hard-war philosophy and to add, in effect, that he really did not want the help of liberated slaves in subduing the South: My aim then was to whip the rebels, to humble their pride, to follow them to their inmost recesses, and make them fear and dread us. One of his younger brothers, John Sherman, served as a U.S. senator and Cabinet secretary. In 1872, William J. Reese, Sherman's brother-in-law, wrote that the choice of an Indian name did cause some consternation in the community. Sherman was distantly related to American founding father Roger Sherman and grew to admire him. [73] This was to set a precedent for future behavior by his armies. Letter by W.T. 1903. You are rushing into war with one of the most powerful, ingeniously mechanical, and determined people on Earthright at your doors. Sherman's views on Indian matters were often strongly expressed. Sherman wrote both to his brother, Senator John Sherman, and to General Grant vehemently repudiating any such promotion. [135] On April 11, 1880, he addressed a crowd of more than 10,000 in Columbus, Ohio: "There is many a boy here today who looks on war as all glory, but, boys, it is all hell. He returned to San Francisco at a time of great turmoil in the West. He was particularly interested in targeting South Carolina, the first state to secede from the Union, because of the effect that it would have on Southern morale. Sherman took command of the infantrymen in the local Union garrison and successfully repelled the Confederate attack. In May 1865, after the major Confederate armies had surrendered, Sherman wrote in a personal letter: I confess, without shame, I am sick and tired of fightingits glory is all moonshine; even success the most brilliant is over dead and mangled bodies, with the anguish and lamentations of distant families, appealing to me for sons, husbands and fathers tis only those who have never heard a shot, never heard the shriek and groans of the wounded and lacerated that cry aloud for more blood, more vengeance, more desolation.[121]. Pneumonia. One 19th-century source, for example, states that "General Sherman, we believe, is the only eminent American named from an Indian chief". 36268, 387. This helped ensure that the Mississippi River would remain in Union hands for the remainder of the war. [155] His Memoirs of General William T. Sherman. Our Frontier ''. [ 81 ] system with indifference wrap up the bank 's affairs there the new house! 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