Cartwright, Mark. World History Encyclopedia, 22 Jan 2020. His reign, which ended in his abdication, saw the rise of strong baronial forces aiming to control the monarchy. Fortunately for Bolingbroke, the English barons, who included such figures as Sir Henry 'Hotspur' Percy, were only too pleased to switch their allegiance to the usurper, and the rebel army swelled as it moved south, and the king's support evaporated. By 1385 Richard’s relations with the higher nobility were quickly deteriorating. Related Content About Richard II of England in brief. The king may have resisted the temptation to persecute those who had earlier been against him but one thing which he could not desist from was his continuing love of pomp and ceremony. Anne of Bohemia (May 11, 1366 – June 7, 1394), also known as Good Queen Anne, was a daughter of Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor, King of Bohemia and Elizabeth of Pomerania. Richard II, (born January 6, 1367, Bordeaux [France]—died February 1400, Pontefract, Yorkshire [now in West Yorkshire], England), king of England from 1377 to 1399. Richard dispatched his friend Robert de Vere southward with an armed force, but de Vere was defeated at Radcot Bridge on December 20, 1387. The native Irish were overawed by the presence of an English king, and the local chieftains, or “High Kings,” all attended the court in Dublin to submit to his authority. World History Encyclopedia. Never fully recovered, he had to return to England the next year.Joan of Kent had been at the centre of a marriage dispute between Thomas Holla… News of the judges’ opinions frightened the king’s critics, who reacted by bringing an accusatio, or formal appeal, against his allies of treason. "Richard II of England." Westminster Portrait of Richard II of EnglandThe Bridgeman Art Library (Public Domain). His avarice and greed consumes his life and once again the King fails to administer with reasonable balance a… He was brought to England in 1371, and after his father's death was, on the petition of the Commons in parliament, created … Richard also showed greater circumspection in his patronage. William Shakespeare (1564-1616 CE) in his play Richard II has the king utter the rather more realistic sentiments regarding his demise: My God! Made the Prince of Wales in 1343 CE and one of the greatest of all medieval knights, Edward would not, however, become king. Many barons now realised the king was tyrannical and that nobody was safe from his whims. In 1394–95 he led a substantial force there to buttress the position of the English administration. The Lords Appellant, as they were now called—the duke of Gloucester and the earls of Warwick, Arundel, Nottingham, and Derby—mobilized their retinues in self-defense. The so-called Peasants' Revolt of June 1381 CE was the most infamous popular uprising of the Middle Ages. Richard was moved to his final place of confinement, Pontefract Castle in Yorkshire, in September 1399 CE, and there he died on 14 February 1400 CE. After having exiled the current council, Richard turned to his inner circle of favourites for his council, … This was quite a feat considering William Walworth, the Mayor of London stepped forward and killed Wat Tyler, one of the rebel leaders, amongst the confusion, perhaps thinking Tyler was about to do the king harm. Richard revamped Westminster Palace in 1393 CE at vast expense, making the interior much more colourful. His uncle John of Gaunt, the Duke of Lancaster became regent until Richard II could rule. The Hundred Years' War between England and France (1337-1453 CE) had started remarkably well for England with great victories at Crécy (1346 CE) and Poitiers (1356 CE) but by 1375 CE Charles V of France, aka Charles the Wise (r. 1364-1380 CE), had ensured that the only lands left in France belonging to the English Crown were Calais and a thin slice of Gascony. The first political crisis came in the form of the Peasants Revolt in 1381, with rebellions from Essex and Kent marching on London. In the years after the revolt, Richard’s interest in the affairs of state intermittently increased. Henry then named Richard his heir and died two days later. Richard II, also known as Richard of Bordeaux, was King of England from 1377 until he was deposed in 1399. These individuals, not surprisingly, were among those who plotted his downfall. Richard was also on close terms with some ambitious younger men, notably Robert de Vere, earl of Oxford, and the knights Ralph Stafford and James Berners. The first two were imprisoned and executed, and the last exiled to the Isle of Man. The king had the Lords Appellants, including Bolingbroke, arrested and either exiled or executed; their estates becoming useful gifts for others at court or the Crown itself. Richard II may have won accolades for his success in putting down the Peasants' Revolt but any hopes that England had found itself a fine king, true and just, were soon dashed. Arms & White Hart of Richard II of EnglandUnknown Artist (Public Domain). In August 1399 CE Richard was imprisoned, and the following February he was murdered and succeeded by his cousin and rival Henry Bolingbroke, Duke of Lancaster, who became Henry IV of England (r. 1399-1413 CE). In a five-year period beginning in 1389, Richard went some way toward honouring his promises. Channel Islands-Wikipedia According to the chronicler Thomas Walsingham, a contemporary of Richard’s, the choice of Anne of Bohemia, the daughter of the Holy Roman emperor Charles IV, as his bride in 1381 was very much Richard’s own. There were other minor outbreaks of rebellion thereafter, but these were mercilessly quashed and their ringleaders executed as traitors. The son of the late Edward the Black Prince (1330-1376 CE), Richard would succeed his grandfather Edward III of England (r. 1327-1377 CE), but as he was only 10 years of age, he initially had to co-rule with his most powerful barons. The king’s early years were overshadowed by the Hundred Years’ War, a prolonged struggle with France. Cartwright, M. (2020, January 22). Richard was determined never again to suffer a humiliation of the kind inflicted upon him by the Appellants. Richard II of England (6 January 1367 – 14 February 1400) was the King of England from 21 June 1377 to 30 September 1399, succeeding Edward III of England and preceding Henry IV of England.A son of Edward the Black Prince, he inherited the throne through primogeniture succession when his grandfather died in 1377, and the young king crush Wat Tyler's Peasants' Revolt in 1381. Richard II (6 January 1367 – c. 14 February 1400), also known as Richard of Bordeaux, was King of England from 1377 until he was deposed in 1399. Written by Mark Cartwright, published on 22 January 2020 under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. The heavy cost of the war led to the introduction in 1377 of a novel, and highly regressive, tax, the poll tax. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Also known as Richard of Bordeaux, he was an ambitious king with great political aspirations. As planned then, when Edward III died on 21 June 1377 CE, Richard became king. Yet the seeming moderation of Richard’s rule was matched by a strong emphasis on the reassertion of royal authority. In 1388 CE, one of the great medieval knights, Sir Henry 'Hotspur' Percy (1364-1403 CE) led an army against the Scots but was soundly defeated at the Battle of Otterburn. The Black Prince died, probably of dysentery, on 8 June 1376 CE and so Parliament selected as the official heir to Edward III the prince's surviving son Richard of Bordeaux (b. The king had a hankering to continue his unfinished business in Ireland but while there, Bolingbroke, seen by some as the legitimate heir to Edward III now that his father John of Gaunt was dead (3 February 1399 CE), returned from his exile in France. Richard II of England, National Portrait Gallery. ContentsBiographyRichard II of England Net WorthDoes of Dead or Alive?FAQs Biography Richard II of England is best known as a Royalty. Taking the throne at the early age of ten, Richard II was a 14 th century King of England, whose life was shaped and manipulated by those surrounding him in their constant quest for power. 1958, citing Westminster Abbey, Westminster, City of Westminster, Greater London, England ; Maintained by Find A Grave . Let all those who love me, follow me. Eventually, however, he had to give way. Author of. Test your knowledge. Richard was a son of Edward, the Black Prince and was born during the reign of his grandfather, Edward III. Thanks to their alliance, Philip went to war against Richard’s father with Richard later joining in, ultimately defeating Henry II. Richard II , also known as Richard of Bordeaux, was King of England from 1377 until he was deposed on 30 September 1399. World History Encyclopedia is a non-profit organization. Learn More, Richard II of England reigned as king from 1377 to 1399 CE. A failed uprising by Richard's supporters only sealed the ex-king's fate; he could not be allowed to live. In October 1386 there was a major crisis in Parliament. Richard II - Richard II - Tyranny and fall: The exalted notions that Richard articulated in Ireland formed the background for his dramatic reassertion of royal authority two years later in England. Utterly ruthless, Richard ensured that around 150 of the rebels were hanged. These younger men were deeply jealous of the power and prestige of John of Gaunt, the duke of Lancaster. Richard, a son of Edward, the Black Prince, was born during the reign of his grandfather, Edward III. The young Edward V and his brother Richard were imprisoned in the Tower of London by their uncle Richard, Duke of Gloucester who was their guardian as Protector of the Realm. After further military adventures, however, he contracted dysentery in Spain in 1370. Richard then employed the much-used tactic of making a load of extravagant promises he had no intention of keeping, but it was enough to stave off more rioting and the mob disbanded. In the wake of Lancaster’s departure for Spain in July with a large fleet to pursue his claim to the Castilian throne, the French planned an invasion of England. In July 1397 Richard ordered the arrest of the senior Appellants—Gloucester, Arundel, and Warwick. Richard II (6 January 1367 14 February 1400) was the son of Edward the Black Prince, Prince of Wales, and Joan "The Fair Maid of Kent". Richard's tournament device was a white hart or stag which became an emblem for his supporters to wear as a mark of identification and as part of his servants' livery. The so-called Peasants' Revolt of June 1381 CE was the most infamous popular uprising of the Middle Ages. Cartwright, Mark. Accordingly, in the 1390s he developed a program to strengthen the material foundations of his rule. Rebellion and disobedience were to be rewarded with appropriate punishment, the rebel Irish were to enter into the king’s obedience, and all Irish, of whatever status, were to perform their accustomed obligations to him. A wonderful land is this, and a fickle; which hath exiled, slain, destroyed or ruined so many kings, rulers, and great men, and is ever tainted and toileth with strife, and variance and envy. Richard's father, Edward, Prince of Wales, died in 1376, leaving Richard as heir apparent to his grandfather, King Edward III.Upon the death of Edward III, the 10-year-old Richard succeeded to the throne. Some Rights Reserved (2009-2021) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted. Richard’s reign was first overseen by his uncle, John of Gaunt – the third son of Edward III. The massive scale of his demand provoked resistance, and the House of Commons clamoured for his resignation. Richard's father, Edward the Black Prince, died in 1376, leaving Richard as heir apparent to King Edward III.Upon the death of his grandfather Edward III, the 10-year-old Richard succeeded to the throne. Philip and Richard’s relationship eventually soured. His special interests include pottery, architecture, world mythology and discovering the ideas that all civilizations share in common. As previously mentioned, Philip also helped Richard win the crown of England. Richard II of England, age 14, bravely rides out during the Peasant's Revolt in 1381 to assume the command of the rebels at Smithfield, London. Taxes fell sharply following a truce with the French in 1389, and from 1389 to 1391 no demands for a tax on “moveable” property were made. De la Pole was replaced as chancellor and put on trial, and a commission of government was appointed to hold office for a year. De la Pole, hastily organizing the coastal defences, sought an unprecedentedly large grant of taxation from Parliament. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Sir Henry even suffered the ignominy of capture and being set up for ransom, which Parliament and King Richard did meet. License. He holds an MA in Political Philosophy and is the Publishing Director at AHE. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/Richard_II_of_England/. In a novel initiative he built up a large baronial-style affinity, whose members wore the king’s badge of the white hart. I am your rightful captain, and I will be your leader. Eventually, Richard was interred in Westminster Abbey where his effigy can still be seen. On 30 September Parliament officially nominated Henry Bolingbroke as Richard's successor. In December 1387 CE the dissatisfied barons made their move by defeating de Vere and his supporters at the Battle of Radcot Bridge near Oxford. Richard was then shut up in various strongholds until, in February of 1400, some time after the Epiphany Rising was discovered and had failed to overthrow Henry, it came out that Richard had died in Pontefract Castle in mysterious circumstances. The tactless attempts the government made in the following year to enforce collection of the tax led to the outbreak of the Peasants’ Revolt. He also ruled as Duke of Normandy, Aquitaine and Gascony, Lord of Cyprus, and Count of Poitiers, Anjou, Maine, and Nantes, and was overlord of Brittany at various times during the same period. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. In 1394 CE Richard led an army to Ireland, a very rare deed for an English king, but the campaign was inconclusive. An ambitious ruler with a lofty conception of the royal office, he was deposed by his cousin Henry Bolingbroke ( Henry IV ) because of his arbitrary and factional rule. RICHARD II, King of England, younger son of Edward the Black Prince. Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University and Michigan State University and University of Missouri. Led by such high figures as Thomas Woodstock, the Duke of Gloucester (the king's uncle) and Henry Bolingbroke (b. c. 1366 CE, the king's cousin and son of John of Gaunt), a group of five barons next formed a council known as the Lords Appellants to better manage the king, still then considered a minor. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Richard-II-king-of-England, University of London - Richard II's life and reign, The Home of the Royal Family - Biography of Richard II, Richard II - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Richard II - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Arms & White Hart of Richard II of England. Westminster Portrait of Richard II of England, The Bridgeman Art Library (Public Domain). Professor of Medieval History, Royal Holloway, University of London, England. Richard II was the King of England from 1377 to 1399. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Which ruler of Egypt disappeared in 1021 and is revered by the Druze? Neither of these marriages produced any children, something which would be exploited by Richard's enemies. Richard II, (born January 6, 1367, Bordeaux [France]—died February 1400, Pontefract, Yorkshire [now in West Yorkshire], England), king of England from 1377 to 1399. Richard II (1367-1400) was king of England from 1377 to 1399. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms. Richard's failures have attracted more interest than the successes of greater rulers. The trouble started when a group of yeomen from Kent and Essex, fed up with the problem caused by the Black Death plague and, above all, the never-ending taxes which, since 1377 CE, included poll taxes of three groats (one shilling) aimed at everyone irrespective of resources, marched to protest in London. Although genuinely devoted to each other, the marriage forged a connection between Britain and the Holy Roman Empire. At a council meeting at Westminster on May 3, 1389, Richard formally resumed responsibility for government. Corrections? Richard returned to his capital humiliated. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Richard the Lionheart was the son of King Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine and the second king in the Plantagenet line. The son of the late Edward the Black Prince (1330-1376 CE), Richard would succeed his grandfather Edward III of England (r. 1327-1377 CE), but as he was only 10 years of age, he initially had to co-rule with his most powerful barons. (Gould and Whishaw cite Michael Jackson as one of the models for their characterization.) In June-July 1399 CE Bolingbroke only had a small invading army, perhaps 300 fighting men, which landed at Spurn Head in Yorkshire. For only $5 per month you can become a member and support our mission to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. Richard’s role in ending the revolt was rightly acclaimed, but it should not be supposed that he was influential in making policy. In the aptly named “Merciless Parliament” that followed, the Appellants purged the court. Westminster Hall received a new roof, statues of various kings were added, and Richard's white harts appeared at the bases of the windows. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Parliament officially nominates Henry Bolingbroke as, The Plantagenets: The Kings That Made Britain, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com: accessed ), memorial page for Richard II (6 Jan 1367–14 Feb 1400), Find a Grave Memorial no. We have also been recommended for educational use by the following publications: Ancient History Encyclopedia Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. In letters of submission made for the penitent chieftains, Richard articulated his political vision. The young King Richard II of England reconfirmed in 1378 the Charter rights granted by his grandfather, followed in 1394 with a second Charter granting, because of great loyalty shown to the Crown, exemption for ever, from English tolls, customs and duties. Ancient History Encyclopedia has a new name! *Richard II* (1367–1400), king of England [1] (1377–99). Sculpture of Richard II of EnglandNational Portrait Gallery (CC BY-NC-ND). Richard returned from Ireland but wisely went into hiding in Conwy Castle in Wales. Sign up for our free weekly email newsletter! In 1397 CE, perhaps feeling more secure on his throne and giving vent to the taste for vengeance so many medieval monarchs enjoyed, Richard, at last, began to plot against those who had betrayed him ten years before. The war with France and its ally Scotland had also taken a heavy financial toll on the kingdom with an incessant round of taxes inflicted on the people, a situation only worsened by the arrival of the Black Death in 1348 CE which brought death and economic ruin. At Shrewsbury and Nottingham in August he received vigorous reaffirmation of his rights from the royal courts. Please select which sections you would like to print: While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. 18 Apr 2021. Medieval kings were often expected to perform great deeds on the battlefield but Richard's single campaign in Scotland in 1385 CE was a damp squib with no contact being made with the enemy. Mark is a history writer based in Italy. Richard II (6 January 1367–14 February 1400) was the son of Edward, the Black Prince, Prince of Wales, and Joan of Kent, "The Fair Maid of Kent".He was born in Bordeaux, and became his father's successor when his elder brother died in infancy.His father died before him, so he became king in 1377. Richard was crowned on 16 July 1377 CE at Westminster Abbey, but he was a mere 10 years old and so his troubled kingdom was governed by a revolving council of nobles. Richard had been previously married to Anne of Bohemia, the daughter of Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV (r. 1346-1378 CE) from 1382 CE, but she died in June 1394 CE, probably of plague. He encouraged lofty new forms of address—for example, “your highness” or “your majesty,” instead of “my lord.” He also elaborated the ceremony and protocol of his court, making the rebuilt Westminster Hall the focus of a grand monarchical cult. As Richard began to take over the business of government himself, he sidelined many of the established nobles, such as Thomas de Beauchamp, 12th Earl of Warwick, Richard Fitzalan, 11th Earl of Arundel, and Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester. Indeed, Richard II is the rare (there are only 3 others) Shakespeare play written entirely in verse. Perhaps significantly, Richard was the first English king to have his portrait painted while still alive; the artist chosen for this honour may have been Andre Beauneveu of Valenciennes (1335-1400 CE). Richard II of England reigned as king from 1377 to 1399 CE. In brief, it is the story of the downfall and deposition of King Richard II of England. Updates? Ancient History Encyclopedia Limited is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. He was born in Bordeaux and became his father's successor when his elder brother died in infancy. Cite This Work 6 January 1367 CE). The wording of this document was as follows: I Richard by the grace of God king of England and of France and lord of Ireland…resign all my kingly majesty, dignity and crown…And with deed and word I leave off and resign them and go from them for evermore, for I know, acknowledge and deem myself to be, and have been, insufficient, unable and unprofitable, and for my deserts not unworthily to be put down. Two of Richard’s main allies were executed, and others were dismissed from office. Richard had, nevertheless, stepped forward and boldly declared: Sirs, would you kill your king? The group, numbering several thousand, caused havoc on the way as they looted, pillaged, and murdered. A few days later London was occupied by the Appellants. The arrangement with Charles VI did not include Richard giving up his claim to the French throne (a claim which began with Edward III) and so the Hundred Years' War was, for now, merely put on pause. Richard II (January 6, 1367 — c. February 14, 1400), also known as Richard of Bordeaux, was the King of England from 1377 until he was deposed in 1399. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. He dismissed the Appellants’ ministers and appointed new officers of his own. Books Even his marriage to Anne of Bohemia was a political one. Although only 14, King Richard bravely met the protestors at Smithfield outside London on 15 June and persuaded them to stand down. Most of us learn as we live longer but the reverse seems to be true of Richard. Richard III of England ruled as king from 1483 to 1485 CE. He ruled from 1377 until he was deposed in 1399. World History Encyclopedia. Almost certainly, the confrontation with the rebels at Smithfield was engineered by a hard-line group of his counselors. Richard of Bordeaux was the younger son of Edward, the Black Prince, and Joan of Kent ("The Fair Maid of Kent"). Richard had a much bigger crisis to deal with at home when, in 1386 CE, he made the hugely unpopular de Vere the Duke of Ireland and it looked like France was preparing to invade England. Last modified January 22, 2020. By the following spring, however, the Appellant tide had subsided. "Richard II (6 January 1367 – c. 14 February 1400), also known as Richard of Bordeaux, was King of England from 1377 until he was deposed on 30 September 1399. An ambitious ruler with a lofty conception of the royal office, he was deposed by his cousin Henry Bolingbroke (Henry IV) because of his arbitrary and factional rule. In medieval Europe, a code of ethics known as chivalry developed... A group of English barons defeat Robert de Vere and his supporters at the, The 'Merciless Parliament' appoints five Lords Appellants to rule England and sidelines. Richard II (6 January 1367 – c. 14 February 1400) was the eighth King of England of the House of Plantagenet. of has ranked on the list of those famous people who were born on January 6, 1367.Richard II of England is one of the Richest Royalty who was born in French.Richard II of England also has a position among the list of Most popular Royalty. Richard II entering London during the Peasants' Revolt, 1381. His reign was characterized by aristocratic opposition and political ineptitude.Richard became king in 1377 aged 9. 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