History is unlikely … Patrice Lumumba is thus assassinated on 17 January 1961, in the presence of Belgian officers. In November the General Assembly of the United Nations (UN) recognized the credentials of Kasavubu’s government. Subsequently, colonel Mobutu will also overthrow the President and replace him with a college of commissioners. Patrice Lumumba was born on July 2, 1925, at Onalua near the town of Katako-Kombe in the Sankuru district of northeastern Kasai. ( Supplied: Renae Wootson/Milan Wiley ) The conference agreed on a date for independence, June 30, with national elections in May. Corrections? However, the investigation into the murder of Patrice Lumumba reveals many well-known names, including those from the same reactionary circles that, ten years earlier, had ordered the assassination of the Belgian communist Julien Lahaut : Pierre Wigny, Albert De Vleeschauwer and André Moyen. In reality, colonisation is the exact opposite of what Baudouin was saying. Patrice Lumumba was executed by a firing squad likely on January 17, 1961, or shortly thereafter. He was a Congolese independence leader who founded the mainstream Mouvement national congolais (MNC) party and played a pivotal role in Congo’s struggle for independence from Belgium. (...) Who will ever forget the shootings which killed so many of our brothers, or the cells into which were mercilessly thrown those who no longer wished to submit to the regime of injustice, oppression and exploitation? After two months of resistance against this war of Belgian reconquest, President Kasa-Vubu, pushed by his Belgian advisers, dismisses Prime Minister Lumumba, who was opposed to this decision. He asked the independent African states to meet in Léopoldville in August to unite their efforts behind him. Lumumba, the leader of the Congolese … He was a leading figure in the Congo as that country established its independence from Belgium, which had controlled the Congo since the late nineteenth century. By organising elections in the very short term, the Catholic-Liberal government of Gaston Eyskens hopes that it will be above all politicians who are loyal and docile to the colonial authority, who will win. Lumumba was frustrated. Lumumba was thereupon released from prison and flown to Brussels. Patrice Lumumba, in full Patrice Hemery Lumumba, (born July 2, 1925, Onalua, Belgian Congo [now Democratic Republic of the Congo]—died January 17, 1961, Katanga province), African nationalist leader, the first prime minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (June–September 1960). In 1956, he writes the book "Le Congo, terre d'avenir, est-il menacé?" On October 30 there was a clash in Stanleyville that resulted in 30 deaths. Patrice Lumumba’s Struggle Against Belgian Imperialism It is hard to believe that in 2002 there is still imperialism being practiced in the world, but the fact of the matter is, it is. Lumumba was initially held at a military camp in Thysville (now Mbanza-Ngungu), but concerns that the soldiers there were sympathetic to him led Belgian, Congolese, and Katangan authorities to arrange for his transfer to a different location that they deemed to be more secure—and one that would almost certainly guarantee his death. On January 17, 1961, Lumumba and two associates, Joseph Okito and Maurice Mpolo, were flown to Elisabethville (now Lubumbashi), where they were delivered to the secessionist regime in Katanga and its Belgian advisors. His two principal rivals, Moise Tshombe, who led the breakaway of the Katanga province, and Joseph Kasavubu, who later became the Congo’s president, both came from large, powerful ethnic groups from which they derived their major support, giving their political movements a regional character. Tall, thin, intense, his eyes flashing behind his spectacles, Patrice Lumumba was a spellbinding orator who had created a nationalist party and had led it … .Lumumba’s tribe was the Batetela (Tetela) which is a dynamic branch of the Mongo-Nkutshu family of central Congo.He grew up in a mud-brick house. Although there was a multiplicity of parties, the MNC came out far ahead in the elections, and Lumumba emerged as the leading nationalist politician of the Congo. Patrice Lumumba's letter: "My Dear, I am writing this without knowing whether you will ever get it or when or whether I shall still be alive when you read it. Lumumba is a symbol of the Congolese people's struggle for independence. Patrice Lumumba was assassinated in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in January 1961, less than 7 months after taking office as prime minister of the newly independent country. The Belgian imperialists, desperate to eliminate him from history, had him shot and his body dissolved in acid. Patrice Lumumba is best known for becoming the first prime minister of the newly independent Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1960, for being forced out of office after less than three months, and for being assassinated the following year. Since the United Nations forces refused to help suppress the Katangese revolt, Lumumba appealed to the Soviet Union for planes to assist in transporting his troops to Katanga. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. In 1960, President Eisenhower reportedly told the CIA director that he wanted Lumumba "eliminated.". Patrice Lumumba was born in 1925 and attended Protestant missionary schools. After 80 years of occupation, under the influence of anti-colonial struggles elsewhere in the world, resistance is taking place in Congo too. Patrice Lumumba. Sixty-seven days after he came to power, Patrice Lumumba was sacked by state president Joseph Kasavubu. There's a quote from Baudouin, then King of Belgium: "The Belgians and Congolese are all citizens, just like the Walloons and the Flemish, and must live side by side in an atmosphere of frank fraternity." African nationalist leader, the first prime minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (June-September 1960). This support for Mobutu enables the United States to establish a strong presence in Central Africa. The event is a huge success but ends in a bloodbath. Lumumba was a Congolese politician and pro-independence leader who also was the first Prime Minister of the independent Democratic Republic of the Congo from June to September 1960 (four months). By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. He began to write essays and poems for Congolese journals. U.S.-based production company Congo Rising is preparing “Patrice Lumumba,” a film on the life of the Congolese leader who was assassinated in 1961. It is therefore a question of defending the interests of Belgian capitalist groups. Lumumba sought and was granted the status of évolué and joined a … It is home to members of the national army, more than half of whom have remained loyal to the central government, as well as most of the supporters of the deposed Prime Minister. The government’s explanation of his death was quickly disputed, although it would take decades for the full circumstances surrounding his death to be made public. Patrice Lumumba, the first legally elected prime minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), was assassinated 50 years ago today, on 17 January, 1961. Please select which sections you would like to print: While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. His death caused a scandal throughout Africa and beyond; retrospectively, even his enemies proclaimed him a “national hero.”. Associate Vice Provost for General Education and Professor of History, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas. On his return he was arrested on a charge of embezzlement from the post office. Although their bodies were initially thrown into shallow graves, they were later dug up under the direction of Belgian officers, hacked into pieces, and dissolved in acid or burned by fire. In 1956 Lumumba was invited with others on a study tour of Belgium under the auspices of the minister of colonies. When Lumumba got out of prison, he grew even more active in politics. Patrice Émery Lumumba fue un líder anticolonialista y nacionalista congoleño, el primero en ocupar el cargo de primer ministro de la República Democrática del Congo entre junio y septiembre de 1960, tras la independencia de este Estado de la ocupación colonial belga. Patrice Émery Lumumba was the Congo’s first Prime Minister who led the struggle for Congolese independence and he was assassinated by the CIA. Like many other African leaders, he supported pan-Africanism and the liberation of colonial territories. His rival, Joseph Kasa-Vubu, supported by the Belgian government, becomes president. His tribe, the Batetela, is a peripheral but dynamic branch of the Mongo-Nkutshu family of central Congo. There was a special status for native Congolese who had assimilated European culture. This puts us in an advantageous negotiating position, both in financial and personal terms." For decades, the question of how Patrice Lumumba, the first prime minister of the newly independent Democratic Republic of the Congo, died—and the related questions of who killed him and why—were subject to much speculation. Patrice Lumumba was the first prime minister of the Republic of the Congo.He was a leading figure in the Congo as that country established its independence from Belgium, which had controlled the Congo since the late nineteenth century.Lumumba's murder in 1961 has made him a … On 17 January 1961 Patrice Lumumba, the Congo’s first leader, was murdered. Four years later, under the influence of other African leaders and in response to the manifest reluctance of the Belgian colonial authority to recognize the sovereignty of the Congolese people, Patrice Lumumba realizes the truth: In a colonial regime, equality between Congolese and Belgians is a decoy. After he was assassinated, Belgian officers hacked his body into pieces, which were then dissolved in sulphuric acid or burned. Since January 17, 1961, no one has been held accountable for the brutal murder of Congo’s independence leader and first prime minister Patrice Lumumba who … They were called évolués. He describes the colonial regime as "humiliating slavery" and recalls the racism and the brutal repression of any resistance. Mobutu, with the help of the United States and Belgium, will eliminate the entire Lumumbist movement by military means and then, five years later, establish a dictatorship that will last 30 years. Patrice Lumumba, murdered at the age of 35 in 1961, was prime minister of newly independent Congo for just seven months. He also became active in the Belgian Liberal Party in the Congo. And so, in the middle of the night on January 17, 1961, Lumumba was driven to a secluded location, tortured, and shot to death by a firing squad. He was a member of the small Batetela ethnic group, a fact that became significant in his later political life. In a confidential note from the Economic Round Table, which brings together Belgium's top political and economic leaders, we read the following: "Once the Congo gains independence, it will be forced to ask us for economic aid. In 1955 Lumumba became regional president of a purely Congolese trade union of government employees that was not affiliated, as were other unions, to either of the two Belgian trade-union federations (socialist and Roman Catholic). Nombrado héroe nacional en 1966. On the way, he is stopped by Mobutu's soldiers. Lumumba was, however, a man of strong character who intended to pursue his policies regardless of the enemies he made within his country or abroad. In the months leading up to his death, the world’s attention was riveted on the Congo as a crucial arena in which Cold War politics were to be played out. His moves alarmed many, particularly the Western powers and the supporters of President Kasavubu, who pursued a moderate course in the coalition government and favoured some local autonomy in the provinces. Patrice Lumumba was an African nationalist leader who briefly served as the first prime minister of the newly independent Democratic Republic of the Congo (June–September 1960) before being forced out of office during a political crisis; he was assassinated in early 1961. His outlook and vocabulary, inspired by pan-African goals, now took on the tenor of militant nationalism. Patrice Lumumba is forced to form a coalition. Campaigned for a Political and Economic Independent Congo. On January 1, 1959, the Cubans oust the dictator Batista who had ruled their country on behalf of the United States. This favourable position will serve them throughout the Cold War to fight left-wing liberation movements in southern Africa and, in particular, in Angola and Rhodesia (now divided into Zambia and Zimbabwe). I salute you in the name of the Congolese Government. However, against all the odds, the party alliance around Lumumba wins 71 of the 137 seats, giving it a majority in parliament. From 1954 to 1962, the Algerian people wages a liberation struggle that will exhaust the French colonists and result in the Algerian victory. They should be organised as early as May and pave the way for the independence. Congolese politician Patrice Lumumba after he was captured by soldiers under the command of Joseph Mobutu in 1960 – Courtesy of Face2Face Africa Lumumba’s murder brought him honour and renown he might never otherwise have acquired. Lumumba was born in the village of Onalua in Kasai province, Belgian Congo. He is what the colonizer called an "evolved", i.e. During the thirty years of Mobutu's dictatorship, the United States will make people somewhat forget Belgium's role as the country's true neo-colonialist masters. Lumumba is placed under house arrest and flees on 27 November 1960 to Stanleyville (now Kisangani), 2,300 kilometres inland. The figure of Patrice Lumumba has traversed history and still serves today as an example for all who champion the emancipation of peoples. Rechristened ‘Patrice Lumumba’ in February 1961, after the assassinated Congolese leader, the school was also conceived as a powerful symbol of Moscow’s solidarity with the Third World. Congolese prime minister Patrice Lumumba was the first prime minister of the Republic of the Congo. Mobutu decides, at the insistence of Belgian and American advisers, to hand Lumumba over to the leaders of the secessionist province of Katanga, to be executed there. Above Photo: From Telesurenglish.net. We are deeply proud of our struggle for independence, because it was just and noble and indispensable in putting an end to the humiliating bondage forced upon us. In the Senate, the same alliance is two seats short of a majority because 23 of the 84 senators were not directly elected. Excerpts from Patrice Lumumba's speech on June 30, 1960. The news is spreading across the country. As prime minister, Lumumba did what little he could to redress the situation. Meanwhile, in October, Lumumba had been placed under house arrest in Léopoldville, guarded not only by Mobutu’s forces but by those of the UN as well, which provided him with protection. Secretariat of the Department of International Relations Lumumba was born in the village of Onalua in Kasai province, Belgian Congo. Congo's first elected prime minister was Patrice Lumumba who was immediately faced with a breakdown of order. He was born in a Congolese Village in the Kasai Province of the Belgian Congo Colony in 1925. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Lumumba responds with a historic speech in which he expresses the feelings of the Congolese people. In 1955 Lumumba became regional president of a purely Congolese trade union of government employees... Prime … The idea of a truly independent Congolese government is intolerable for the Belgian capitalist groups. On 4 January 1959, thousands of Congolese take to the streets of Leopoldville (now Kinshasa) to demand their country's independence. His viewpoint was not exceptional. As the news came out, weeks later, mass demonstrations shook capitals across the world. Nzongola-Ntalaja argues that […] Achievements of Patrice Lumumba Head of the Congolese National Movement (MNC). © 2019-2021, PTB-PVDA. A charismatic but volatile pan-Africanist who played a key part in the fight for independence, Lumumba became the first democratically elected prime minister days before his … The Katangan government withheld official announcement of his death until February 13 and then claimed that Lumumba had escaped from their custody and had been discovered by villagers, who killed him. After the Second World War, the Soviet Union gained in prestige and supported everywhere the struggles for decolonization. The Congo appealed to the United Nations to expel the Belgians and help them restore internal order. On Independence Day, 30 June 1960, King Baudouin delivers a speech in which he praises the "great work" initiated by his great-grandfather Leopold II, this "civilizer". The nationalists regarded this program as a scheme to install puppets before independence and announced a boycott of the elections. In December he attended the first All-African People’s Conference in Accra, Ghana, where he met nationalists from across the African continent and was made a member of the permanent organization set up by the conference. Derrocado de su cargo de primer ministro en 1960, fue asesinado en 1961. (Is the Congo, land of the future, threatened?). B-1000 Brussels Finally he accepted a consignment of Soviet transport planes, military trucks and, it was suspected, guns. Coauthor of. Omissions? Belgium sent in troops, ostensibly to protect Belgian nationals in the disorder, but the Belgian troops landed principally in Katanga, where they sustained Tshombe’s secessionist regime. The American ambassador in Leopoldville began referring to the prime minister as "Lumumbavitch". Imperialism is the policy of extending a nation’s territory or power by establishing dominance over other nations. Updates? He proclaimed his regime one of “positive neutralism,” which he defined as a return to African values and rejection of any imported ideology, including that of the Soviet Union. Rumours of Lumumba’s death had circulated soon after it occurred, however. The year 1959 is marked by revolt. Forced out of office during a political crisis, he was assassinated a short time later. Boulevard M. Lemonnier 171, From 1885 to 1960, the Belgian financial elite stripped the Congo of its natural resources, giving little in return. Adjunct Professor of Demography, University of Montreal. In this celebration of his life and work, the Congolese scholar and activist, Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja, writes about the All-African People’s Conference (AAPC) that Lumumba attended in 1958, and the years of his leadership of the nationalist movement before his murder. There was an army revolt while secessionist … The American and Belgian governments are widely understood to have been involved in Lumumba's death. At the independence, the country has no more than 16 Congolese academics and a largely export-oriented infrastructure. In January 1960 the Belgian government convened a Round Table Conference in Brussels of all Congolese parties to discuss political change, but the MNC refused to participate without Lumumba. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Moise Tshombe took advantage of the ensuing confusion, using it as an opportunity to proclaim that the mineral-rich province of Katanga was seceding from the Congo. Almost immediately after the June 30 independence date, some units of the army rebelled, largely because of objections to their Belgian commander. Lumumba next moved to Léopoldville (now Kinshasa) to become a postal clerk and went on to become an accountant in the post office in Stanleyville (now Kisangani). Forced out of office during a political crisis, he was assassinated a short time later. The idea of a truly independent Congolese government is intolerable for the Belgian capitalist groups. He was assassinated seven months into his term, on January 17, 1961. Also in the 1950s, an anti-colonialist emancipation movement is sweeping through the colonies of Africa, Asia and Latin America. Pin Patrice Lumumba on the day of his arrest. Patrice Lumumba does not have a grave. Patrice Lumumba Early life, education, and work. This lesson explores the complexities of Congo's situation after independence from Belgium and the international forces that may have played a part in Lumumba's assassination. Who was Patrice Lumumba? Lumumba contested his dismissal. However, he was caught by Mobutu’s forces and arrested on December 2. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. He was for a unitary Congo and against division of the country along ethnic or regional lines. He becomes a fervent advocate of Congo's independence. Patrice Émery [Hemery] Lumumba lived from 2 July 1925–17 January 1961. That’s why he was assassinated in a US-backed coup 59 years ago today. Joseph Mobutu, the later dictator of the Congo, was one of Lumumba's captors. It is in this context that the Belgian colonial power announces the organisation of the first national elections in Congo in 1960. Joseph Kasavubu. Entry into politics. Fifty-nine years ago today, on January 17, 1961, Congolese prime minister and independence leader, Patrice Lumumba, was assassinated by firing squad. They are local leaders who generally cooperated well with the colonial authority. Born in 1925, Patrice Lumumba starts his career as an employee, then becomes a journalist. Lumumba sees his name as a symbol of black power and revolution, tying him to the spirit of Malcolm X, Muhammad Ali and Patrice Lumumba. On the flight there, they had been beaten by the soldiers escorting them, and, once they landed in Katanga, they were beaten again. 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